Тема "Проблемы окружающей среды" (Environmental problems). Environmental Protection, устная тема по английскому языку с переводом
Environmental
Protection
Ecological problems are becoming more and more important today.
People all over the world discuss environmental protection, but
we still go on polluting air, water and soil.
Air pollution is the biggest problem of large cities and
industrial areas. It is usually caused by different means of
transport. Cars, buses and planes are among the worst air
polluters. Factories and plants also pollute air by pouring
harmful emissions into the air causing lung diseases and doing
harm to our health. As a result, acid rains appear and damage
forests and soil.
Trees absorb carbon dioxide from the air and give out oxygen in
return. In some parts of the world, such as Asia and South
America, trees are threatened not by pollution, but by people.
The rainforests are destroyed for firewood and building
materials. If we lose tropical forests, it will become more
difficult to breathe, because they provide 50 per cent of the
world"s annual production of oxygen. With more carbon dioxide in
the air, the temperature on the planet will rise and this will
cause global warming.
How can the problems of air pollution be solved? First of all,
people should try to use alternative sources of energy, such as
solar, water or wind energies, or at least to burn smokeless
fuels.
There are ways to reduce air pollution caused by road traffic.
It is possible to build more railways and to support public
transportation. Also, people should be encouraged to drive at
the speed limit in order to use fuel more efficiently. Another
way is to encourage tree planting, because trees absorb carbon
dioxide. Special kinds of gasoline for cars can also help to
reduce air pollution.
Water pollution is as dangerous as air pollution. Factories and
plants dump wastes into rivers and lakes polluting them. Wastes
that get into rivers, streams and oceans can entangle wildlife
or be mistaken by them for food and spread diseases to humans.
Rain or excess water can wash fertilisers into rivers and
streams, causing excess weeds to grow.
There are several things that can be done to restore polluted
waterways back to normal. You should make sure you never throw
anything that could be toxic down a drain or onto soil.
Basically, it is important to remember that anything that gets
onto the ground can eventually end up in a river, lake or
stream. So, make sure you do not allow any chemicals or waste to
go on the ground or down the drain.
Soil pollution does not allow plants to grow and makes people
sick after they eat fruit and vegetables grown on polluted soil.
People also pollute soil by throwing litter onto it. Forests are
full of used bottles and cans. Such litter can be found in
rivers and lakes too which makes wild animals sick and causes
their death. This can be stopped if you make sure that you throw
litter into recycling bins and take litter with you after a
picnic in a forest or on a river bank.
Every day we throw away a lot of litter, which, actually, we can
use again, for example paper, cloth, glass, plastic, etc.
Everybody should know the three r"s: reduce, reuse and recycle.
Water and electricity can and should be reduced. We should reuse
whatever we can: plastic bags, paper, cans, glass and bottles.
Paper and plastic, for example, are also recycled at factories
and plants and we get paper and plastic bags made from recycled
materials.
It is impossible to stop technological process, to close «all
factories and plants to prevent pollution, but people need to
invent new waste-free technologies that will not damage the
environment. There are new inventions such as self-destructible
plastic bags which turn into powder if you keep them for some
time or leave them in the forest. There are up-to-date filters
that make water and air clean and that some factories and plants
have started using to prevent pollution.
We must not ignore the problems of environmental pollution and
we have to try and make everything possible to stop or at least
reduce it.
ПЛАН-ОТВЕТ. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
1. Вступление (Ecological problems are becoming more and more
important today. People all over the world discuss environmental
protection, but we still go on polluting air, water and soil.).
2. Рассказать о типах загрязнений, почему они возникают и как
можно с ними бороться (air pollution: transport/factories and
plants/acid rains/damage forests and soil/oxygen/rainforests are
destroyed/alternative sources of energy/building more motorways,
etc.; water pollution: factories and plants dump wastes/poison
rivers/spread diseases to humans/never throw toxic things into
the drain/etc.; soil pollution: litter/used bottles and
cans/causes death of animals/throw litter into litter bins,
etc.).
3. Рассказать в общем о том, как можно сократить загрязнение
окружающей среды (three r"s/reduce water and electricity/reuse
and recycle plastic bags/paper/cans/glass, etc., new waste-free
technologies/self-destructible plastic bags/up-to-date filters,
etc.).
4. Заключение (We must not ignore the problems of environmental
pollution and we have to try and make everything possible to
stop or at least reduce it.).
QUESTIONS
1. Are the ecological problems important today?
2. What causes air pollution and what kind of emissions are
emitted into the air?
3. How can acid rain be caused?
4. How does acid rain affect our environment?
5. Why are trees important for life on earth?
6. What kind of climate changes can air pollution cause?
7. What are the ways of reducing air pollution?
8. What measures can we take to reduce air pollution by road
traffic?
9. How does water pollution occur?
10. What can be done to reduce water pollution?
11. How is land pollution caused?
12. What are the possibilities of reusing waste materials?
13. How can we get rid of waste of all kinds?
14. What can be done with litter in the streets?
15. What can people do to prevent pollution?
16. What areas does pollution affect?
17. What is the role of technology in reducing pollution?
18. What causes noise pollution and how can we reduce it?
19. What kind of protection do animals and plants need?
USEFUL WORDS AND PHRASES
air pollution загрязнение воздуха
disposal уборка, избавление от отходов
dump сбрасывать, сливать
efficiency производительность, эффективность
emission выброс
environment окружающая среда
fossil fuel природное топливо
global warming глобальное потепление
leak утечка; протекать
litter bin мусорный бак
noise pollution шумовое загрязнение
poison яд
poisonous ядовитый
pollute загрязнять
pollution загрязнение
pollutant загрязнитель
rubbish/litter мусор
sewage сточные воды
soil pollution загрязнение почвы
storage хранилище
store хранить
waste отходы
waste disposal утилизация отходов
water pollution загрязнение воды
Computers project that between now and the year of 2030 we are going to have increase of the average temperature between 1,5 — 4,5 Degrees C. Sea levels would rise by several metres, flooding coastal areas and ruining vast tracts of farmland. Huge areas would be infertile and become uninhabitable. Water contamination could lead to shortages of safe drinking water. It looks like the end of civilization on the Earth. For hundreds of thousands of years the human race has thriven in Earth"s environment.
But now, at the end of the 20th century, we are at a crucial turning point. We have upset nature"s sensitive equilibrium releasing harmful substances into the air, polluting rivers and oceans with industrial waste and tearing up the countryside to accommodate our rubbish. These are the consequences of the development of civilization. We are to stop it by joint efforts of all the people of the world. The range of environmental problems is wide.
But the matters of people"s great concern nowadays are atmosphere and climate changes, depletion of the ozone layer, freshwater resources, oceans and coastal areas, deforestation and desertification, biological diversity, biotechnology, health and chemical safety. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) concentrates its activities on these issues. Acid Rains One of the most alarming forms of air pollution is acid rain. It results from the release into the atmosphere of sulphur and nitrogen oxides that react with water droplets and return to earth in the form of acid rain, mist or snow.
Acid rain iskilling forests (Nearly every species of tree is affected) It has acidified lakes and streams and they can"t support fish, wildlife, plants or insects. Depletion of the Ozone Layer The protective layer of the Earth, the ozone layer, which protects the Earth from the sun"s destructive UV (ultraviolet) rays, is being damaged by CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons). They are released by the daily use of industrial and household products: refrigerators, air conditioners, foam insulation, cleaning chemicals, food packaging. In the ozone layer they attack the ozone molecules making a «hole». This «hole» allows more UV rays to penetrate to the Earth. It increases the risk of skin cancer, weakens the immune system of people.
Besides, UV rays influence the oceans, the growth of plankton, an essential part of the marine-life food chain in the negative way, reduce economically important-crops (rice, cotton, soy beans).
The life cycle is going to be undermined by the ozone. Destruction of the Tropical Forest It"s generally agreed that the destruction of the tropical forest has a major impact on the world climate. The tropical rain forest is a natural recycler, provider and protector for our planet. It recycles carbon, nitrogen and oxygen, helps determine temperature, rainfall and other climatic conditions and supports the most diverse ecosystem in the world. Deforestation could cause one forth of all species on earth to vanish in the next 25 years.
These forests in Amazonia, South-East Asia and West and Central Africa are being destroyed at an alarming rate of 42 million acres per year. Measures to Be Taken We have only a few years to attempt to turn things around. We must review our wasteful, careless ways, we must consume less, recycle more, conserve wildlife and nature, act according to the dictum «think locally, think globally, act locally».
The protection of nature has become one of the most burning problems of the 20th century. The Earth provides people with mineral resources, rivers, forests, fields — everything that makes the foundation of industrial and agricultural production. The development of industry has had a bad influence on the nature of the whole world. People often do things which pollute land and waters greatly. It is very dangerous because it damages health of the people.
The accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in April 1986 caused radioactive contamination of a vast area around the plant. Soviet statements indicate that 31 people died as a result of the accident but the actual number of deaths caused by the radiation is still unknown. More than 100,000 Ukrainian citizens were evacuated from the city of Chernobyl and other areas around the reactor site.
Environmental protection is a great concern of the Ukrainian Government. The Ministry of Environmental Protection was founded in Ukraine. Their tasks are to control the state of the environment and sources of pollution, to protect the water resources of Ukraine, to extend the network of nature reserves and to maintain co-operation with international ecological organizations.
Campaign for environmental protection is supported by public organizations and individuals. The Ukrainian Green Party is very active today. "Zeleny Svit" is the Ukrainian ecological newspaper. It calls on people to protect the natural wealth and to use it in a more careful and economical manner for the benefit of the present and future generations.
Перевод
Охрана природы стала одной из наиболее острых проблем двадцатого века. Земля дает людям полезные ископаемые, реки, леса, поля — все, что является основой промышленного и сельскохозяйственного производства. Развитие промышленности оказывает вредное влияние на природу во всем мире. Люди часто делают то, что значительно загрязняет земли и воды. Это очень опасно, потому что это вредит здоровью людей.
Авария на Чернобыльской атомной электростанции в апреле 1986 года вызвала радиоактивное заражение огромной территории вокруг станции. Советские сводки показывают, что 31 человек погиб в результате аварии, но реальное количество смертей, вызванных излучением до сих пор неизвестно. Более 100 тысяч украинских граждан были эвакуированы из города Чернобыль и других районов, прилегающих к реактору.
Охрана окружающей среды вызывает большую обеспокоенность украинского правительства. Министерство охраны окружающей среды было создано в Украине. Его задачи заключаются в контроле за состоянием окружающей среды и источников загрязнения, защиты водных ресурсов Украины, расширении сети заповедников и поддерживании сотрудничества с международными экологическими организациями.
Кампания по защите окружающей среды осуществляется при поддержке общественных организаций и частных лиц. Украинская Партия Зеленых очень активна. "Зеленый Свит" является украинской экологической газетой. Она призывает людей защитить природные богатства и использовать их более тщательным и экономичным образом на благо нынешнего и будущих поколений.
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]Ecology problems are of vital importance today. What can common people do to protect the planet?
Man have always wanted to make his life easier. He invented machines and mechanisms which have been working — and polluting the world we live in. Economists have long thought of the environment as of the unlimited source of resources only. In fact, the economy and the environment are closely related. The environment supplies the economy with water, timber, minerals, oil, etc. It has to absorb all the waste products, too. Nevertheless, some economists have always argued that pollution damages the resources.
There are many consequences of damaging the environment. One of them is acid rain. Pumping waste gases from a power station does not get rid of them. Waste gases cause acid rain, this leads to forest damage and reduces the resources of forestry industry.
Another one is water shortage. It comes from abuse of lands in agriculture. The third one is destroying the ozone layer of the Earth through pollution from factories and plants. The fourth one is damage to water and soils. The fifth one is damage to wildlife: many species of plants and animals can disappear. The sixth one is the greenhouse effect and global warming — that is, an increase in the average temperature of the Earth"s atmosphere and oceans. Global warming can lead to rises in sea levels, and extreme weather events such as floods, droughts, and hurricanes, and global climate change. Lastly, the most serious danger is the result of all these consequences. This is the danger for the life and health of the man.
The territories of the former Soviet Union are suffering many environmental problems. Many of these problems have been caused by economic activities. Apart from the effect of the Chernobyl disaster, the worst problem is that with the Aral Sea. Cotton growing in the region has used large amounts of water, and the sea level has fallen, this destroyed fishing and led to a damage in soils, crops, and wildlife. Many forests in the Far East and in the north of European Russia are under threat. A system of dams on the Volga damaged fish.
If we cannot learn to use the environment carefully, very soon we"ll have no world to live in. In my opinion, pollution can be stopped or at least reduced by using fuels which are low in pollutants, more complete burning of solid fuels, shift to using alternative forms of power such as wind power, electricity or solar energy and banning the use of nuclear power. The first reason why I believe these ways to be most effective ones is that industry and transport are the most important sources of all chemical pollution of air, water and soil. The second one is that banning the use of nuclear power will destroy the danger of radioactive contamination.
The most important thing common people could do is to change their attitude towards the environment. We should realize that natural resources are not unlimited and destroying them may result in destroying life on Earth. The change of public attitude to the environment is important due to several reasons. Firstly, public opinion could make governments introduce stricter anti-pollution measures. It could make governments fund scientific research facilitating development of ecologically safe materials and sources of energy. Secondly, people could behave in the way which is less damaging for the ecology of our planet. For example, they could stop leaving litter in city streets and in the country. Thirdly, they could stop damaging forests by cutting down trees for their personal needs or causing forest fires.
Перевод текста: Environmental Protection
Проблемы экологии имеют огромную важность сегодня. Что простые люди могут сделать, чтобы защитить планету?
Человек всегда хотел сделать свою жизнь легче. Он изобрел машины и механизмы, которые работали - и загрязняли мир, в котором мы живем. Экономисты долго думали об окружающей среде на неограниченный источник ресурсов только. Фактически, экономика и окружающая среда близко связаны. Окружающая среда поставляет экономику водой, древесиной, полезными ископаемыми, нефтью, и т.д. Это должно поглотить все ненужные продукты, также. Однако, некоторые экономисты всегда утверждали, что загрязнение повреждает ресурсы.
Есть много последствий повреждения окружающей среды. Один из них - кислотный дождь. Перекачка ненужных газов от электростанции не избавляется от них. Ненужные газы вызывают кислотный дождь, это приводит к лесному повреждению и уменьшает ресурсы лесной промышленности.
Другой - водная нехватка. Это прибывает из злоупотребления землями в сельском хозяйстве. Третий разрушает озоновый слой Земли через загрязнение от фабрик и заводов. Четвертый - повреждение воды и почв. Пятый - повреждение дикой природы: могут исчезнуть много разновидностей растений и животных. Шестой - парниковый эффект и глобальное потепление - то есть, увеличение средней температуры атмосферы Земли и океанов. Глобальное потепление может привести к повышениям уровней морей, и событиям экстремальной погоды, таким как наводнения, засуха, и ураганы, и глобальное изменение климата. Наконец, самая серьезная опасность - результат всех этих последствий. Это - опасность для жизни и здоровья человека.
Территории прежнего Советского Союза переносят много проблем охраны окружающей среды. Многие из этих проблем были вызваны деловыми активностями. Кроме эффекта бедствия Chernobyl, худшая проблема - это с Аральским морем. Хлопок, растущий в области, использовал большое количество воды, и уровень моря упал, этот разрушенный лов рыбы и привел к повреждению в почвах, зерновых культурах, и дикой природе. Много лесов на Дальнем Востоке и на севере европейской России находятся под угрозой. Система дамб на Волге повредила рыбу.
Если мы не можем учиться использовать окружающую среду тщательно, очень скоро у нас не будет никакого мира, чтобы жить в. По моему мнению загрязнение может быть остановлено или по крайней мере уменьшено при использовании топлив, которые низки в загрязнителях, более полном горении твердых топлив, изменения к использованию альтернативных форм власти, таких как власть ветра, электричество или солнечная энергия и запрет использования ядерной энергии. Первая причина, почему я верю этим способам быть большинством эффективных, состоит в том, что промышленность и транспорт - самые важные источники всего химического загрязнения воздуха, воды и почвы. Второй - то, что запрет использования ядерной энергии разрушит опасность радиоактивного загрязнения.
Самая важная вещь, которую могли сделать простые люди, должна изменить их отношение к окружающей среде. Мы должны понять, что природные ресурсы не неограниченны и разрушившие их, может привести к разрушению жизни на Земле. Изменение общественного отношения к окружающей среде важно из-за нескольких причин. Во-первых, общественное мнение могло заставить правительства ввести более строгие защищающие окружающую среду от загрязнения меры. Это могло сделать правительственное развитие облегчения научного исследования фонда экологически безопасных материалов и источники энергии. Во-вторых, люди могли вести себя в пути, который менее разрушителен для экологии нашей планеты. Например, они могли прекратить оставлять мусор на городских улицах и на стране. В-третьих, они могли остановить разрушительные леса, сокращая деревья для их личных нужд или вызывая лесные пожары.
The protection of environment has become one of the most burning problems of our century.
Large cities with thousands of smoky industrial enterprises appear all over the world today. The by-products of their activity pollute the air we breathe, the water we drink, the soil we grow grain and vegetables. Every year the world industry pollutes the atmosphere with about 1000 million tons of dust and other harmful substances. Many cities suffer from smog. Vast forests are cut. Their disappearance upsets the oxygen balance. As a result some rare species of animals, birds, fish and plants disappear forever, a number of rivers and lakes dry up.
The pollution of air and the world"s ocean, destruction of the ozone layer is the result of man"s careless interaction with nature, a sign of ecological crisis.
The most horrible ecological disaster befell Ukraine and its people in the result of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power station in April 1986. A great damage has been done to ukraine"s agriculture, forests and people"s health.
Environmental protection is a global problem. That is why the most serious measures to create a universal system of ecological security should be taken.
The activity of various environmental organisations to help improve the situation. Among them are the Greenpeace and The Green Party.
If we are unable to learn to use the environment carefully and to protect it from destructive man"s activities, very soon we"ll have no world to live in.
VOCABULARY
environment - окружающая среда (окружение)
by-product ["baɪ,prɔdʌkt] - побочный (промежуточный) продукт
to pollute - загрязнять
harmful substances ["ha:mful "sʌbst(ə)nsɪs] - вредные вещества
to upset [ʌp"set] - нарушать
species ["spi:ʃɪz] - биол. виды
destruction - разрушение; разрушение
careless ["kɛəlɪs] interaction [,ɪntər"ækʃ(ə)n] - небрежная взаимодействие
to befall (befell, befallen) - случаться, петься
to take measures - принимать меры
QUESTIONS
1. What are the consequences of water, air pollution ?
2. Why did some species of animals, birds, fish and plants disappear forever ?
3. What is the result of man"s careless interaction with nature?
4. What do you know about the Chernobyl disaster?
5. What should people do if they want to live on the Earth ?
Защита окружающей среды
Защита окружающей среды - это одна из острейших проблем нашей современности.
Сейчас во всем мире многие крупные города с тысячами дымных индустриальных предприятий. Побочные продукты их деятельности загрязняют воздух, которым мы дышим, воду, которую мы пьем, почва, на которой мы выращиваем зерно и овощи. Ежегодно промышленные предприятия мира выбрасывают в атмосферу примерно тысячу миллионов тонн пыли и другие вредные вещества. Многие города страдают от густого тумана с дымом и копотью. Большие леса вырубаются. их исчезновение нарушает баланс кислорода. В результате некоторые редкие виды животных, птиц, рыб и растений исчезают навсегда, множество рек и озер высыхают.
Загрязнение воздуха и мирового океана, разрушение озонового слоя - это результат небрежной взаимодействия человека с природой, признаком экологического кризиса.
Самая ужасная экологическая катастрофа постигла Украину и ее людей вследствие аварии на Чернобыльской атомной электростанции в апреле 1986 года. Большой ущерб был нанесен сельскому хозяйству, лесам и здоровью людей Украины.
Защита окружающей среды - глобальная проблема. Именно поэтому должны быть приняты самые серьезные меры для создания всемирной системы экологической безопасности.
Деятельность различных организаций, направленная на защиту окружающей среды, помогает улучшать ситуацию. Среди таких организаций - Гринпис и Партия зеленых.
Если мы не научимся использовать окружающую среду бережно и защищать его от разрушительных действий человека, очень скоро нам негде будет жить.
